Monsoon Meltdown

Nawraj Sapkota

Nepal, nestled in the Himalayas, is now confronting the adverse effects of climate change, particularly in monsoon season. This beautiful country, known for its majestic mountains and vibrant culture, is experiencing a significant shift in monsoon patterns, which has severe implications for its agriculture, water resources, and overall socio-economic wellbeing.

The backbone of Nepal's economy is agriculture, employing over 65 per cent of the population. Sadly, climate change poses a threat to the nation’s agricultural livelihoods, impacting crop yields and food security. For instance, farmers in the Terai region are facing water scarcity due to changing rainfall patterns. Consequently, paddy cultivation has declined, forcing farmers to switch to less water-intensive crops. Additionally, the rising temperatures have led to an increase in pests and diseases, further affecting crop yields.

Traditionally, the monsoon season has been a lifeline for Nepal, sustaining its predominantly agrarian economy. This season provides vital rainfall for agriculture and supports the country's ecosystems. However, rising global temperatures and shifting weather patterns have disrupted the historical reliability of the monsoon. Frequent extreme weather events, erratic rainfall, and prolonged dry spells pose significant challenges to farmers and communities dependent on the monsoon for irrigation and crop production. According to data from the Nepal Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, the country's average annual rainfall has decreased by 3.6 per cent over the past 30 years. 

The western part of the country has been particularly affected, experiencing a decrease of up to 15 per cent. These changes are profoundly impacting agriculture and livelihoods. The effects of climate change on Nepal's monsoon season are manifold. Temperature and rainfall pattern alterations have created significant challenges for agriculture and infrastructure. According to the World Bank, average temperatures have risen by approximately 1.5 degrees Celsius since the 1970s, while annual rainfall has become increasingly unpredictable, with more intense periods of drought and flooding. 

Consequently, the frequency and severity of floods and landslides during the monsoon season have increased. Such disasters have resulted in loss of life, displacement of communities, and extensive damage to infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and agricultural fields. For example, the recent flood and landslide disasters in Sankhuwasava were caused by heavy rainfall and poor infrastructure. Meteorological reports indicate that the region received more than double the average rainfall for the month of June, resulting in overflowing rivers and streams.

Conversely, climate change has also led to prolonged dry periods, with droughts becoming more common. These extended dry spells have far-reaching consequences, affecting crop yields, food security, and water availability for both domestic and agricultural purposes. Farmers, constituting a significant portion of Nepal's population, face uncertainty and economic hardship as they strive to adapt to the changing monsoon patterns.

Recognising the urgency of the situation, the Nepal government has taken steps to address the challenges posed by climate change. Efforts have been made to promote sustainable agricultural practices, improve water resource management, and strengthen early warning systems for natural disasters. International collaborations and financial support have played a crucial role in enhancing Nepal's resilience to climate change impacts. As the country continues to confront the realities of climate change, it is crucial for individuals, communities, and governments to join hands to mitigating and adapting to these challenges. 

By prioritising sustainable practices and embracing climate-resilient strategies, Nepal can protect its monsoon season and ensure the wellbeing and prosperity of its people for generations to come. In conclusion, climate change is undeniably having a significant impact on Nepal's monsoon patterns and agricultural livelihoods. The changing monsoon patterns affect crop yields and water availability, which, in turn, ripple throughout the economy and people's livelihoods. However, there is hope.