Gaumukhi: Emerging Birdwatching Hotspot

Gaumukhi forest, a proposed protected area in Pyuthan District, Nepal, is primarily within Gaumukhi Rural Municipality. This is characterised by diverse topography ranging from lowland valleys to high-elevation zones exceeding 3,000 meters. The area's biodiversity was unexplored even though it is adjoining the Madane Protection Forest, an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA), in Gulmi. While the complete status of wildlife in the area remains understudied, the diversity of habitats suggests a high potential for biological richness, warranting further ecological exploration and conservation investment. To learn about bird diversity and richness, along with other wildlife status and potential ecotourism sites, the study led by an ornithologist and a wildlife biologist from Himali Anusandhan Kendra was carried out recently with the support of Gaumukhi Rural Municipality. 

A systematic bird and other wildlife study in two seasons, covering the months of October and May, recorded 217 bird species of 4,538 individuals in the Gaumukhi forest. Among these, 88 species were common to both seasons, suggesting a stable group of resident birds. In total, 32 species were exclusive to the October survey, including the endangered winter migratory bird, the steppe eagle, and the passage migrant, the demoiselle crane. All 97 species were found only in May, including notable summer visitors such as cuckoos, bee-eaters, Indian Paradise Flycatchers, Indian Golden Orioles, and Pied Thrushes. Such a significant seasonal difference highlights the ecological variability of the landscape and underlines the importance of conducting multi-seasonal biodiversity assessments.

An elevational gradient study was conducted from 1,100 m (Thulabensi) to 3,300 m (Nangi Hill) using fixed vantage points at 100-meter intervals. The analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between elevation and bird species richness, with peak diversity and abundance observed between 2,000 and 2,500 meters.

Of the total 217 bird species recorded, 99 have recognised conservation importance. The area supports two nationally protected species, the Cheer Pheasant and the Satyr Tragopan, among Nepal's nine protected bird species. Furthermore, five globally threatened species were recorded: Cheer Pheasant, White-rumped Vulture, Red-headed Vulture, Egyptian Vulture, and Steppe Eagle. The site also hosts 17 nationally threatened species, four restricted-range species, 69 biome-restricted species, and 31 CITES-listed species. Nesting of the Himalayan Griffon was confirmed, and probable nesting of the Bearded Vulture was observed near the Gaumukhi Temple cliffs. Beyond birds, the study also documented the area's broader biodiversity, including eight butterfly species, five fish species, four amphibians, eight reptiles, and 18 mammal species. 

The vibrant avian diversity and other wildlife recorded in Gaumukhi forest demonstrate the area's vital ecological role. The presence of nationally and globally threatened bird species, including the Cheer Pheasant, Satyr Tragopan, and Egyptian Vulture, including resident and migratory birds, identifies the area as an essential birdwatching hotspot in Nepal. The study strongly recommends formally declaring the proposed Gaumukhi Protection Forest, as this status will provide a legal framework to safeguard its rich biodiversity. In addition, the area has been found to meet the criteria of an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area, as per standards set by BirdLife International and recognised by Bird Conservation Nepal, the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, and the Department of Forest and Soil Conservation.

Gaumukhi lies adjacent to already designated IBAs such as Madane and Argha and is connected with the Kothibhir, forming a part of a larger network of Himalayan biodiversity hotspots. This ecological continuity reinforces the area's conservation value and potential for birdwatching and trekking-based ecotourism, which could support local livelihoods while promoting sustainable development.

Gaumukhi is a hidden gem of western Nepal, for its extraordinary blend of cultural richness and natural beauty. Home to a mosaic of ethnic communities, each with unique traditions and customs, this region offers visitors an immersive cultural experience. Equally captivating is Gaumukhi's stunning topographical diversity. From lush forests and cascading waterfalls to serene rivers and breathtaking hilltops, the landscape here is a paradise for nature lovers and adventure seekers. The area boasts an incredible array of flora and fauna, including forests of juniper and rhododendron that burst into vibrant bloom during the summer months, creating a truly heavenly atmosphere. 

The region is also dotted with mesmerising waterfalls like the iconic Baismul Jharana and tranquil water bodies like Rani Daha, adding to Gaumukhi's appeal as a nature tourism hotspot. Sacred and mysterious sites such as Gaumukhi Cave, Jhakridhunga, Diyalnachaur, Tamakhani, Khung Topre Cave, and Ishnadevi further enrich visitors' spiritual and exploratory experiences.

For birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts, Gaumukhi is a sanctuary. It provides vital habitat for globally threatened species such as vultures and the elusive Cheer Pheasant, as well as Nepal's nationally protected Satyr Tragopan. These rare and spectacular birds attract domestic nature lovers, international tourists, and researchers. Trekking routes such as the trail from Thulabensi to Nangi Hill (1,100–3,300 m) traverse lush forests, vibrant rhododendron and juniper habitats, rivers, and traditional villages. With its exceptional biodiversity, scenic landscapes, and rich cultural tapestry, Gaumukhi Rural Municipality stands out as a valuable conservation site and an emerging destination for bird watching, ecotourism, and nature enthusiasts.

Recently, Gaumukhi Rural Municipality officially announced the launch of 'Gaumukhi Visit Year 2082' with a strategic goal to attract one lakh tourists, including domestic and international visitors. As part of the campaign, the local government plans to organise various cultural events, nature tours, marathons, birdwatching trips, religious pilgrimages, and adventure tourism opportunities throughout the year. The announcement reflects the municipality's commitment to boost the local economy through increased tourist inflow and to preserve and promote its cultural and environmental assets for future generations. 

Gaumukhi is emerging as a promising birdwatching hotspot and holds significant potential to be recognised as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area. With its rich ecological diversity, unspoiled natural habitats, and unique altitudinal range, Gaumukhi provides a haven for various bird species, including several globally threatened, near-threatened, and elusive species rarely observed elsewhere. The seasonal blooming of rhododendrons and panoramic views of the Himalayan range further enhance the ecological and visual richness of the landscape, offering a captivating experience for nature lovers and photographers.

(The author is a dedicated ornithologist.)