Living Sustainably Through Traditional Farming


Traditional family farming and modern farming are frequently characterised by the distinct knowledge systems they depend on, shaping their methodologies, techniques, and overall approaches to agriculture. Traditional knowledge often encompasses empirical observation, experimentation, and problem-solving that may not conform to the framework of formal scientific education but instead relies on human intelligence and inherent curiosity. It represents a reservoir of wisdom and insights amassed over millennia, transmitted through direct experience, observation, and communal sharing of practices.
 
In contrast, modern knowledge systems, with a history typically spanning a few hundred years, rely on controlled experiments, statistical analyses, and standardised procedures, often emphasising specialisation in specific fields, resulting in compartmentalised knowledge. While instrumental in propelling scientific and technological progress, modern educational knowledge may not always encompass the profound traditional wisdom associated with holistic well-being, environmental sustainability, and community resilience.
 While contemporary economic measures frequently emphasise financial gains and the pursuit of luxury for a more comfortable lifestyle, there exist numerous non-monetary values linked to sustainable and holistic farming practices. The significance of fresh, locally grown produce with a high nutrient density goes beyond monetary factors.
Engaging in traditional farming activities, though they may appear physically demanding, entails a varied set of tasks that establish a structured and purposeful routine.

These tasks encompass a wide range of physical activities, from planting and harvesting crops to tending to animals, all within the context of understanding ecosystems and employing agricultural techniques such as crop rotation, mixed cropping, agroforestry, terracing, and the use of organic fertilizers. 

Additionally, there is an understanding of community dynamics. Involvement in these activities not only assists individuals in sustaining an active lifestyle but also enhances overall physical and mental well-being.
 
Modern farming frequently employs intensive agricultural methods, incorporating chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and extensive mechanization. The primary objective of these practices is to optimise yields and profits, often prioritising short-term goals without a holistic approach to scientific research. 

However, these methods can lead to environmental and long-term sustainability issues, including the ongoing deterioration of soil quality and chemical contamination in water and food. Consequently, there is an increasing acknowledgement of the necessity to incorporate principles of agroecology and sustainable agriculture, advocating for regenerative and organic farming practices, into modern farming systems to tackle these challenges.
 
Striking a balance between agricultural productivity and ecological sustainability stands as a crucial factor for the future of global food systems. Sustainable development in agriculture seeks to harmonise human needs with ecological health, nurturing resilience and long-term well-being for both ecosystems and communities. This approach aligns with the principles of agroecology and regenerative agriculture, emphasising the integration of ecological principles into farming practices for the mutual benefit of the environment and food production.
 


The incorporation of inorganic or synthetic seeds in modern agriculture, frequently linked to high-input agriculture, necessitates external elements like synthetic fertilisers and pesticides. This establishes a reliance on these inputs for optimal crop growth and productivity, coupled with a dependence on seed companies that restricts the traditional practice of saving and replanting seeds.
 
Participating in sustainable agriculture promotes resilience, self-reliance, and an enriched quality of life. Local farmers are crucial in ensuring food security within their communities and fostering mutual support. Through locally focused cultivation practices, such as seed saving, the growth of native crop varieties tailored to specific ecosystems, and diversified agriculture with integrated livestock (including poultry), they reduce dependence on external sources and contribute to lessening the carbon footprint.
 


The cultural transformation driven by urbanisation, influenced by media, education, and societal norms, has moulded people's preferences, steering them towards non-agricultural occupations. This trend is especially evident in developing agrarian-based nations like Nepal, where substantial income disparities exist between overseas labour opportunities and local farming. 

The potential for higher earnings may entice migrant workers, despite the demanding physical labour and various challenges involved, such as separation from family and loved ones, along with other social challenges stemming from this choice.
 
The concept of an enhanced quality of life in urban settings, inclusive of amenities, education, healthcare, and entertainment, serves as a compelling motivation for migration. Certain individuals might view overseas labour jobs as carrying a higher social status in comparison to farming and livestock rearing. This perception can sway the decisions of migrant workers, as societal attitudes and cultural values may assign greater importance to specific forms of employment. 

This migration has contributed to the phenomenon of fallow land, where fields are left without any crop cover. There is a need to redefine and reintroduce a broader definition of progress that incorporates sustainability and well-being. Bhutan, for instance, utilises the Gross National Happiness (GNH) index as an alternative to traditional economic indicators.
 
Traditional farming frequently revolves around tight-knit communities where farmers collaborate on communal tasks, exchange knowledge regarding agricultural practices, seasonal cycles, and the ecosystem through an ongoing learning process, and offer mutual support. This communal spirit contributes to the reinforcement of family and community bonds, enhancing social well-being. Particularly for children, engagement in farming imparts the values of the origin of food, hard work, and perseverance. Witnessing the tangible outcomes of their efforts nurtures a robust work ethic.
 


A symbiotic relationship exists between crops and livestock, where each element enhances the well-being and productivity of the other, benefiting both the land and the livelihoods of traditional farming communities, but is mostly ignored in modern farming.
 
A holistic strategy that considers both the push factors (challenges in the home country) and the pull factors (opportunities abroad) can lead to more balanced decisions for individuals contemplating migration for employment. 

Implementing policies and programmes that bolster local agriculture, improve productivity, and offer economic incentives for farmers is crucial.
 
Institutional and governmental policy adjustments are essential for acknowledging and integrating traditional knowledge into mainstream education. This could entail revising curriculum standards, endorsing research in traditional knowledge, and fostering cultural preservation.

(The author is an adjunct assistant professor at Case Western Reserve University.)